Математичні основи визначення функціонального стану операторів складних технологічних об’єктів

Забезпечення високої надійності роботи оператора, а, відповідно, системи «людина – машина» (СЛМ), – є пріоритетним завданням для більшості сфер промисловості та сучасного виробництва. Тому важливим є розробка заходів по підвищенню кваліфікації операторів складних технологічних об’єктів (СТО), шляхом підбору математичного апарату для який б дав можливість підвищити надійність його діяльності в структурі СЛМ

Optimized Hollow Fiber Sorbents and Pressure Swing Adsorption Process for H₂ Recovery

Hollow fiber sorbents have overcome many limitations of packed-bed adsorbers. To fully exploit their potential, holistic design methods are crucial, but overall optimization strategies are lacking and are presented here for the first time. To showcase the methodology, we investigated the separation of H₂ and CO₂ using hollow fiber sorbents made of zeolites and cellulose acetate. The specific purification costs could be reduced by 13% using the optimization methodology. The purification costs rise from 0.65 €/kg to 0.85 €/kg with increasing product purity from 99% to 99.99%. An increase of the adsorption capacity by 50% only decreases the cost by 5%. Yet, the major conclusion relates to the hollow fiber dimensions, which only change slightly with product requirements and sorption capacities. The optimal inner and outer fiber diameter are in the range of 0.33–0.38 mm as well as 0.80–0.91 mm, respectively. The optimal fiber length varies between 98.7 and 103.1 cm. Thus, we conclude that the identified fiber design is close to a generic optimum

Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism

Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting thatmost effectors represent species-specific adaptations